好的,总结非常全面,我将标题设置为: 聚合类型统一初始化
🧑💻 User
In this lecture, we’re going to zoom in on uniform initialization when we are initializing aggregatesand uniform initialization really refers to the fact that we can initialize anything in C plus pluseither using parentheses like this or curly braces.We have mostly seen that we can use the parentheses syntax to set up objects in C plus plus and we couldpass parameters to our object and the C plus plus compiler would see this and call our constructor toset up our object.But we can also use curly braces if we want to do that as part of uniform initialization in C plus plusuniform initialization is something that was introduced in C plus plus 11 and we can still use thatin C plus plus 20.But now we want to see how this works with aggregates.We have seen that we already know about two examples of aggregates so far in this course.We know about struct and we know about array.Here we have an example of a person struct which has two member variables.The first one is an stdstring and the second one is an integer.So we can initialize that using curly braces like this.But it is also possible to initialize our aggregates using the syntax that uses parentheses like this.So these things are going to be mostly similar.But the main difference I have found is that if you initialize with curly braces, you’re not goingto be allowed to do narrowing conversions.And if you use parentheses to initialize your aggregates, you’re going to be allowed to use narrowingconversions.Except for that, I think these two kinds of initializations are the same.It’s going to be a matter of preference, but other than that, these two ways of initializing yourobjects are going to be working exactly in the same way.Now that we know this, we’re going to head over to Visual Studio code and play with this a little more.Okay.Here we are in our working folder.The current project is uniform initialization for aggregates.We’re going to grab our template files pretty quick and we’re going to put them in place.After that, we’re going to open this little guy in Visual Studio code by dragging and dropping here,and this is going to open our folder and we should have our main.cpp file here.Let’s crack it open.And the first thing I want to do is to show you that we can use uniform initialization even for theobjects we build ourselves.So let’s set up a simple class.We’re going to set up a class called Point.It’s going to be having two sections, a public section and a private section.We’re going to have our constructor, which is really simple.It’s going to take two parameters by value.It’s going to be using an initializer list, and you see that we can even use curly braces in our initializerlist.So this is going to work.C plus plus is going to accept this or I should say C plus plus compilers are going to accept this.Once we have initialized our little guys, we’re going to hit the body of the constructor and we’regoing to say that we have called this constructor.What I really want you to see is that we can go down in main and create point objects using uniforminitialization.We’re going to say point P one and you already know that we can pass our parameters, for example,like this and this is going to work.Okay?So let’s make sure we are passing in double parameters or arguments, I should say.And this is going to work.If we print this point, we’re going to see the information.So let’s build and really show you that the compiler is going to accept this and the world is goingto be good.Another thing you should know is that you can use curly braces and the compiler is going to note thatif it sees a syntax like this, it’s going to call your constructor.So let’s build and show you that the constructor is going to be called and it is going to be our constructorhere, which takes two parameters.You see, the world is good.We can clear.And run Rooster.We’re going to see that point constructor is called.Constructor is going to be called regardless of the uniform initialization syntax to use.We can either use curly braces or parentheses.This will work.Let’s say uniform initialization and this can be parentheses or curly braces.Either of these is going to work and it is going to call the constructor that you have in place.But what we really want to look at in this lecture is uniform initialization in the context of aggregates.And we’re going to use a struct and an array to really drive the point home.We’re going to go down and set up another struct, which is going to be a person struct.And suppose inside we’re going to put in some data, we’re going to put in an STD string which is goingto store the name for the person and we’re going to put in an unsigned integer.We’re going to say unsigned int age.And we forgot to put the variable name and we forgot to put the variable name for the stdstring membervariable here.My bad.We’re going to say name and we’re going to say MH here to really be super clear that it is a membervariable.I like to use this syntax and now Visual Studio Code should be happy about this, at least I hope.Let’s build again to really make sure that this is valid syntax.You see, the build is good.We can serve up our struct like this, but what we really want to see is that we can use either curlybraces or parentheses to initialize our aggregate.Let’s go down and do that.We’re going to say that we are trying to use our struct and we’re going to use our curly brace syntaxand we’re going to see what we can achieve with this.So we’re going to set up a person object and we’re going to say person one and we’re going to use Curlybraces.What we’re going to do is pass in the name, let’s say, Daniel, and we’re going to pass in the ageand let’s put in 35.And if we do this, you see that the syntax here is going to work.Let’s try and work to really prove this.Okay, the world is good, but if we try and use, for example, double for the age, let’s see whatwe get.Let’s try and build and see that we see what is wrong here.We’re going to see that we’re going to have a compiler error and you’re going to see that the erroris narrowing conversion from double to unsigned.And the problem is narrowing conversions are not allowed.If you are using uniform initialization and initializing an aggregate with curly braces, this is notsupported.If you do this, you’re going to get a compiler error.The reason has to do with how the compiler varies.This things up behind the curtains.We’re not going to go into those details for now.It’s going to be enough to know that narrowing conversions are not going to work.If you try to use uniform initialization with curlies for your aggregates.Let’s turn this back to 35 and you’re going to see that this is going to be accepted by the compiler.We’re going to go down and look at how we can use parentheses and see if this actually works.So we’re going to say parentheses here and we’re going to comment out the person object we just createdhere and we’re going to create another person object.Let’s do that.We’re going to say person and we’re going to say p two.And we’re going to use parentheses and pass in the same kind of data we’re going to pass in Daniel.Or we can use John.I am tired of Daniel and we can say John is 41 years old.You’re going to see that this is going to be accepted by the compiler.And if we’re trying to build this is going to build, fine, Let’s pass this through GCC and make surethat the world is good and a benefit with parentheses like this is that narrowing conversions are goingto be allowed.So if, for example, we pass in 41.7 for the age, we’re going to see that we’re not going to get anysquiggly line.But even if we build, this is going to build successfully because with parentheses like this, narrowingconversions are going to be allowed if you use this, to initialize your aggregate.So this is really the difference between uniform initialization for aggregates using curlies and parentheses.With curlies, the narrowing conversions are not going to be allowed, but with parentheses narrowingconversions are going to be allowed.Other than this, I think these two ways of initializing your aggregates are really the same.And again, this curlies and parentheses are part of a bigger scheme in C plus plus to do uniform initializationon anything.The idea is that we should be able to use parentheses or curlies to initialize anything in C plus plus.Okay.So we have seen that this syntax is going to work for a struct, which is one example of an aggregatewe know about, but we can also use this for arrays.So for example, if we set up an array for students and say it is an int array and initialize this usingcurlies, we only can use integers inside here because we don’t support narrowing conversions if weuse curly braces.If we do this, you’re going to see that this is going to build fine.Okay.Both is good.But if we change one of these guys to a double, for example, we’re going to have a compiler errorbecause we just put in something that is going to call for a narrowing conversion from double to andthis is going to give us a compiler error because we can’t do narrowing conversion from aggregates ifwe initialize with curly braces.If we want to use narrowing conversions, we can change this to parentheses and this is going to work.And I don’t think I have shown you that we can initialize our array like this, but this is going towork.This is going to initialize your array.But in this case, the 4.7 here is going to be implicitly converted to an eight because this is an arrayof ants.If we build, we’re going to see that the compiler error is going to go away.We are going to build good and this is what we want.This is really all I had to share in this lecture.I hope you found it interesting.For now, we’re going to head over to the next lecture and try to recap what we saw in this chapter.Go ahead and finish up here and meet me there.
🤖 Assistant
好的,C++新手朋友,你好!很高兴能成为你的C++老师。我们将一步步深入学习C++中一个非常实用且重要的特性:统一初始化(Uniform Initialization)。
C++统一初始化:聚合类型(Aggregate Types)的奥秘与窄化转换(Narrowing Conversion)
简要总结: 本节课将详细讲解C++11引入的统一初始化语法,特别是针对聚合类型(如结构体和数组)如何使用花括号 {}
和圆括号 ()
进行初始化。我们将重点探讨这两种初始化方式在处理窄化转换时的核心区别,并通过代码示例帮助你彻底理解。
1. 什么是统一初始化?
在C++11标准中,引入了一个叫做“统一初始化”的概念。它的核心思想是:希望C++中所有的初始化操作都能使用一种统一的语法来完成。这意味着,无论是初始化基本数据类型、用户定义类、结构体还是数组,我们都可以选择使用两种主要的语法形式:圆括号 ()
或 花括号 {}
。
- 目标: 提供一种更加一致、清晰且不易出错的初始化方式。
- 引入时机: C++11标准引入,并在C++20及后续版本中依然有效。
1.1 对普通(非聚合)用户定义类(User-Defined Class)的初始化
首先,让我们看看统一初始化是如何作用于我们自己定义的普通类的。对于一个有构造函数(Constructor)的类,()
和 {}
语法都可以用来调用构造函数创建对象。
示例:Point
类
假设我们有一个 Point
类,它有两个 double
类型的成员变量 x
和 y
,并有一个接受两个 double
参数的构造函数。
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|
运行结果:
1 | Point 构造函数被调用: (10.1, 20.2) |
从上面的例子可以看出,对于有构造函数的类,()
和 {}
都可以成功调用构造函数。在这些情况下,它们表现的行为非常相似。
2. 深入理解聚合类型(Aggregate Types)
在C++中,有些类型被称为“聚合类型”。它们有一些特殊的性质,使得C++编译器可以为它们提供一些默认的初始化行为。
聚合类型的定义:
一个类型是聚合类型,如果它满足以下所有条件:
- 它是一个数组类型(例如
int arr[]
)。 - 它是一个类类型(
struct
、class
或union
),并且:- 没有用户声明的构造函数(User-declared constructor)。
- 没有私有(Private)或保护(Protected)的非静态数据成员(Non-static data member)。
- 没有基类(Base Class)。
- 没有虚函数(Virtual Function)。
- (C++11-C++17还有一些其他限制,C++20放宽了这些限制,例如允许基类和私有/保护非静态数据成员,只要它们是公共的并且没有用户声明的构造函数)。
简单来说: 聚合类型通常就是那些没有复杂自定义行为(如自定义构造函数)的“朴素”结构体、类或数组。C++允许我们直接通过提供值的列表来初始化它们的成员。
我们已经见过的聚合类型:
- 结构体(
struct
):如果它没有用户定义的构造函数、没有私有成员等。 - 数组(
array
):例如int[]
。
3. 针对聚合类型的统一初始化
现在,我们来重点看看统一初始化在聚合类型上的应用,以及 ()
和 {}
在这里表现出的关键区别。
3.1 使用花括号 {}
进行初始化 (列表初始化 / 聚合初始化)
当我们使用花括号 {}
来初始化聚合类型时,这种方式被称为列表初始化(List Initialization),对于聚合类型,它也特指聚合初始化。
关键规则:列表初始化(和聚合初始化) 严格禁止 窄化转换(Narrowing Conversions)。
- 什么是窄化转换? 窄化转换指的是将一个值转换为一个无法完整表示该值所有可能范围的类型。这通常会导致数据丢失。例如:
double
转换为int
(丢失小数部分)float
转换为int
(丢失小数部分)long
转换为int
(如果long
的值超出了int
的范围)int
转换为short
(如果int
的值超出了short
的范围)unsigned int
转换为int
(如果unsigned int
的值超出了int
的正数范围)
示例1:结构体 Person
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|
示例2:数组 students
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|
总结 {}
行为: 安全第一!它会阻止任何可能导致数据丢失的隐式类型转换,确保你的程序更健壮。
3.2 使用圆括号 ()
进行初始化 (直接初始化)
当使用圆括号 ()
来初始化聚合类型时,这种方式被称为直接初始化(Direct Initialization)。
关键规则:直接初始化通常允许窄化转换(但可能会发出编译器警告,因为它可能导致数据丢失)。
示例1:结构体 Person
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|
运行结果:
1 | Person 2: Name = John, Age = 41 |
请注意,41.7
被默默地截断成了 41
。
重要澄清:数组和 ()
语法
原始讲座中提到 int arr[] = (1, 2, 3);
这样的数组初始化方式允许窄化转换。这是一个非常容易引起混淆的地方,需要特别注意:
- C风格数组(
int arr[]
)的初始化: 在C++中,C风格的数组(如int arr[]
)只能使用花括号{}
进行列表初始化。()
语法并不适用于C风格数组的这种批量初始化。 int arr[] = (1, 2, 3);
这行代码实际上使用了C++的逗号运算符(Comma Operator)。表达式(1, 2, 3)
的结果是最后一个操作数3
。所以,int arr[] = (1, 2, 3);
等价于int arr[] = {3};
。这意味着你创建了一个只包含一个元素3
的数组。如果3
是double
类型,比如(1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
,那么int arr[] = (1.0, 2.0, 3.0);
会变成int arr[] = {3.0};
,这里3.0
到int
的窄化转换会引发编译错误(因为是列表初始化)。- 总结: 对于C风格数组,只能用
{}
进行初始化,并且这种初始化方式严格禁止窄化转换。讲座中提到的()
允许数组窄化转换的例子是有误的,或者它指的是其他更复杂的场景(例如std::array
配合某些特定的构造函数),但对于裸C风格数组,情况并非如此。
为了避免混淆,请记住:
- 花括号
{}
: 禁止 窄化转换。用于列表初始化和聚合初始化。 - 圆括号
()
: 允许 窄化转换。主要用于直接初始化(可能调用构造函数)。
总结 ()
行为: 更宽松,但有数据丢失风险。它通常允许编译器执行隐式类型转换,即使这些转换是窄化转换。
4. QA 闪卡 (QA Flash Cards)
Q1: C++中统一初始化是为了解决什么问题?它是在哪个C++标准版本中引入的?
- A1: 统一初始化是为了提供一种统一、一致的初始化语法,减少混乱和潜在错误。它是在 C++11 标准中引入的。
Q2: 对于聚合类型(如满足条件的
struct
或array
),使用花括号{}
和圆括号()
进行初始化时,它们在处理窄化转换方面有什么核心区别?- A2: 使用 花括号
{}
(列表初始化/聚合初始化) 严格禁止窄化转换。而使用 圆括号()
(直接初始化) 通常允许窄化转换。
- A2: 使用 花括号
Q3: 请举一个窄化转换的例子。为什么C++会默认禁止使用花括号
{}
进行窄化转换?- A3: 窄化转换的例子是将
double
类型的值3.14
转换为int
类型(结果为3
,小数部分丢失)。C++默认禁止{}
进行窄化转换是为了提高代码的安全性和可靠性,避免因为隐式的数据丢失而引入潜在的错误。
- A3: 窄化转换的例子是将
Q4: 对于一个拥有用户定义构造函数的普通C++类(非聚合类型),使用
()
和{}
进行初始化有什么区别吗?- A4: 对于拥有用户定义构造函数的普通类,
()
和{}
都可以用来调用匹配的构造函数。在大多数情况下,它们的效果是相同的,都旨在找到并调用最合适的构造函数。窄化转换的规则取决于构造函数的参数类型和传入的实参类型,而不是()
或{}
本身。
- A4: 对于拥有用户定义构造函数的普通类,
5. 常见误解与错误 (Common Misunderstandings or Mistakes)
误解1: 以为
()
和{}
在任何情况下都完全等效。- 事实: 对于聚合类型,它们在处理窄化转换时有本质区别。对于某些非聚合类型,
{}
可能会优先调用接受std::initializer_list
的构造函数,而()
则不会,这可能导致不同的行为。
- 事实: 对于聚合类型,它们在处理窄化转换时有本质区别。对于某些非聚合类型,
误解2: 认为只要是
()
初始化就一定安全,不会有数据丢失。- 事实: 虽然
()
允许窄化转换,但这正是其潜在危险之处。它允许数据丢失而不会报错。在实际编码中,即使编译器不报错,也应该警惕并避免不必要的窄化转换,或者明确进行类型转换来表达意图。
- 事实: 虽然
误解3: 混淆聚合类型和非聚合类型。
- 事实: 并非所有
struct
都是聚合类型。例如,如果struct
有用户自定义的构造函数,它就不是聚合类型了。()
和{}
在聚合类型和非聚合类型上的行为侧重点是不同的。对非聚合类型,它们主要是选择和调用构造函数;对聚合类型,则是直接初始化成员并受窄化转换规则约束。
- 事实: 并非所有
误解4: 认为C风格数组可以使用
()
进行多元素初始化,并且允许窄化转换。- 事实: 如前所述,C风格数组只能使用
{}
进行列表初始化,并且严格禁止窄化转换。int arr[] = (1, 2, 3);
这种写法实际上是利用了逗号运算符,只初始化了一个元素,且该元素仍受{}
的窄化转换规则约束。
- 事实: 如前所述,C风格数组只能使用
6. 编程练习 (Coding Exercise)
为了巩固你对聚合类型统一初始化和窄化转换的理解,请完成以下练习。
目标: 你需要填写缺失的代码,以实现对一个 Product
结构体和一个 double
数组的初始化,并观察 ()
和 {}
在窄化转换方面的不同行为。
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|
请你将 TODO
部分的代码填写完整。完成之后,我会为你批改答案并给出更深入的建议。